Economics

The price structure of Thailand's transportation fuels has always been heavily distorted by the government. The prices of diesel and biofuels are consistently subsidized, while the prices of other fuels are raised above their competitive level in order to provide cross-subsidies to diesel and biofuels. Price distortion in this fashion leads to over-/under-consumption of transportation fuels relative to the socially optimal level. This study estimates the economic and social cost of the price distortions within Thailand's transportation fuel market that stem from inefficient price structure and cross subsidies.

In order to integrate in ASEAN region , Cambodia should be ready for all sectors and must be solving some critical issues currently encountering well and on time for forwarding to develop sustainability and inclusive development. All dilemmas such as dollarization, illegal immigration and stability of political system. In addition, I would only mention the dollarization market in Cambodia. Somewhat paradoxically, growing dollarization in Cambodia has occurred against the backdrop of greater macroeconomic and political stability. The usual motive, currency substitution, does not appear to have been a factor. As the volume of dollars increased over the years of UNTAC for first Cambodia's election, so has the volume of riel. A strong inward flow of dollars related to garments sector exports, tourism receipts, foreign direct investment, and aid, has benefitted the dollar based urban economy. The riel based rural economy has, however, lagged behind. Given international experience in de-dollarization, a carefully managed market based strategy, supported by a continued stable macroeconomic environment is essential for Cambodia's de-dollarization (Masato 2011). Cambodia has been losing around $20 million to $ 100 million annually in using this international currency. Cambodia's loss of seigniorage ,the value a country gains in producing its own currency equates to about 2 percent of total GDP. In this term paper will assert that ,with ample deficit current account of our country in mechanism of using domestic currency in market, and allocate the resource by transparency and accountability in order to promote the financial inclusive devolvement in Cambodia.

For the past two decades, issues concerning economic integration have been a major discourse in international trade economics. This paper explores real exchange rate responses to shocks in exchange rate determinants for ASEAN-5 and China (Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and China), assuming economic integration among these countries. Interdependent, dynamic, and multi-countries Panel Vector Autoregression (pVAR) models with monthly data are employed in this study to obtain more precise effects than using annual data. The study found that contractionary monetary policy causes depreciation in the real exchange rate. However, increasing GDP, inflation, government expenditure and trade liberalization are associated with the real exchange rate appreciation. The estimated models show that trade liberalization has the strongest effect towards the real exchange rate.

This paper attempts to mention about some impacts of crisis and trade liberalization on the Lao economic and international financial architecture, volatility ,crises and policy response in multi economic exchange regimes and using the GTAP model. Although the financial crises affects the economic so seriously. By some figures about Lao ,I have seen that Lao is still having some issues that affected to economic growth and inflation rate too. Although it is good when Loa had been changed from a centrally planned economy to a more market oriented economy and making the trade liberalization which is positive impact to economic but this government should focus on more about : -

Diversification of goods and products with multi nations around the world -

Manage well with transparency and accountability with government expenditure and revenue in order to strengthen the fiscal policy and trend of economic -

Fuel exports with lowering the interest rate and maintain the political stability -

Adjust until smallest gap in RER and its policy with the new international financial architecture in region and resume increasing household welfare and Real GDP. -

Lao should take action for inflation as targeting inflation in order to smoothly process of FDIs and reduce the poverty rate. -

Create the argent financial committee for controlling the financial shocks via internal and external shocks too and response well with supportive policy in order to avoid the crises.

Climate change is tremendously constrain with all issues happened to the world. The
growth with sustainable trend would be mentioned as harmonization on the earth and some  adopted policies to foster the economic growth without emission so much. Recent estimations suggest that, even if emissions peak in the next decade or two and then fall sharply, the impact on  global  temperatures  will  still  be  very  large. The  UN  Framework  Convention  on  Climate Change  and  the  Kyoto Protocol  provide  a  valuable  basis  for  developing  an  international response but the time horizons for agreed action are short (2012) and thus the scale necessarily
limited.  The  United  Nations,  together  with  various  development,  business  and  nongovernmental  organizations,  is  urging  a  ‘Green  New  Deal’  (Jackson,  2009;  UNEP,  2009).Cambodia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is USD 10354 million per annum and the country’s economy relies primarily on agriculture (33% of GDP and employing 57% of the country’s labor force), industry (predominantly garments - 21% of GDP and employing 15.9% of the country’s labor force), and services (42% of GDP and employing 26% of the country’s labor force).

This paper is aimed to show what the mechanisms are related to economy growth of Cambodia and the narrow interventions of policy makers would think of it. In this case , I have used the commutable General Equilibrium  model(CGE) with  related to Structural Path Analysis model (SPA) in order to show the results and mechanisms chain. All data are used from Social Accounting Metric (SAM,2004) of Cambodia which was run by Matlab software and decomposition with Excel software and Stata too.

Topic: "THE SPATIAL STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN CAMBODIA "
Compiled by : Mr. Phon Sophat.
Note: In these slides would be updated some slides more in order to be better one.
Draft only
please see the above entire paper.
Thank !

This paper will cover two contributions on the Cambodia’s economy as banking systems located within branches and poverty and other main variables which are introduced with clustering model analysis and spatial analysis which consists of three models as OLS model regression, ML spatial Error and ML spatial Durbin model to know how the effects of branches of microfinance in districts, users of MFIs and productions of rural microfinance impacted to  poverty with each provinces of Cambodia. Furthermore, with these techniques will be found the effects from neighbors to our regions and within dependence variable too. In this first part mentioned well about the locations of microfinance Institutions and poverty trend, as this results reveal that most of Cambodia ‘s microfinance institutions are located in city and some high economical provinces nearby capital city only as in clustering map at figure 10. And furthermore, total loans and deposits of Cambodia seem classifications of customers who live in remote area and city. As from bivariate analysis stated that light data is related positively with loans outstanding and poverty. This means that wherever they have had the electricity in their locations are mainly better or easier to get loan or more development than other city. This can be said that locations would be more developed than others both with better household’s income and possibility of getting the rural financial services in those locations too. As figure 8 reveals that Cambodia’s deposit are also setting the difference classifications as well as female and male, introduced in 2007, 2008 and 2011 that Cambodia’s total deposits are not spreading well while it goes to only the city and tourism provinces while some boarder provinces like Stung Treng , Rottanak Kirri , Mondul Kirri are still very low and many other provinces are not significant too. In addition of this, most of microfinance and banks are rarely located with above remote  province too (see clustering analysis in figure 10).Second from this part, It will be employed the spatial model in order to deep down more with some main variables which are independent variables and dependence variable as poverty too. Yet it would be three results to compare with more appropriate models and robustness check too. So it said that Cambodia’s total deposits from MFIs is negatively related with poverty in each provinces with insignificant level too. This means that Cambodia’s less deposit in rural area and if deposit increase 1 percent ,So poverty will decrease about 1.5% too in 2007.This would have the national policy to save with microfinances or banks in order to get the poverty deduction for households too. Female deposits look very awesome in 2007 like this variable is negatively related with significant value too. This means that most of women saving in Cambodia can reduce the poverty in their provinces and themselves too where men saving are  positively related. This can say that characteristic of saving deposits in Cambodia are two classifications for men and women who are tremendously different translations too. The more men deposits in the microfinances or banks , the more poorer in their provinces and themselves.

Since 1993, Cambodia completely got out of the all tremendous wars and its economy seems doing well with sustainable growth and robustness. In late 2007, the global crisis had effected globally to the world with huge hazards to ASEAN and Cambodia too, especially to main sectors of Cambodia's economy as garment sector , tourism sector and construction sector with pushing more unemployment's and more decline to tourism too. In the garments sector had been estimated to lose the job about 70,000 jobs since the end of 2008 while total Cambodia's export were on garments. This issue revealed that the vulnerability of the export led growth which is still concerned for this sector and most of them are suffered to the females in market. Furthermore, due to the above figures state that even Cambodia had concerned the impacts with unemployment effects from the last recessions but the demand of labor are still high in which the FDIs still surged simultaneously years on years too.As results, during the periods of minimum wage increased, gross domestic products (GDP) is still growing up too while the estimated profit margins of garment sector bloomed as well as figure 11 and figure 9.
      The gender inequality in workplace and specific age labor criteria are still critical indicator to investment and decision making which are effective to labor market information system as report from the NSDP update 2009-2013.All these above challenges and gaps would be hampering the growth and poverty reduction while appropriate policies should be tied up with the strong labor market information and some significant adopted policies which will be addressing these issues.

This is the jointed paper  with international conference in Lublin University of Technology in Europe in 2013.This is the short publication with sharing the real practices and how to manage the time in management with multiple soft skills engaged with management and how to motivate in order to success in life. I did conduct at  Lublin University of Technology  last few years with showing the practical and explanatory experiences in that international conference via panels.
My tip is The effective time management in social science paper.